Psychological Risk Factors Associated with Opioid Dependence in Peshawar, Pakistan

Abstract

Opioid dependence has become an issue for healthcare professionals. The issue is also found in Peshawar due its proximity to drug trafficking routes and sociopolitical instability. Aim of this research was check the association of psychological factors like trauma, anxiety, depression and stress with opioid dependence among individuals in rehabilitation centers in Peshawar city. It was cross-sectional research comprised of 200 participants selected through purposive sampling.  PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 and the DASS-21, were administered to assess participants' psychological profiles. Opioid dependence and the psychological risk factors were also confirmed through face-to-face interview. Data analysis was performed through SPSS version 24. Trauma was the most significant psychological factor associated with opioid dependence. Individuals with traumatic history were found highly opioid dependent while there was moderate association among anxiety, stress and opioid dependence. Weak association reported between depression and opioid dependence. The findings highlight the need for targeted mental health interventions in addiction treatment, focusing on trauma-informed care to mitigate opioid misuse. This study contributes to the limited research on psychological risk factors for opioid dependence in Pakistan. in future the researchers are required explore other psychological risk such as suicidal ideation, antisocial behavior, and coping strategies.

Key Words: Trauma, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Opioid dependence